Today, we will discuss about Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid, Biggest Abbasid Caliph who bring Abbasid Caliphate to his golden age. His goverment age, mentioned as Islamic Knowledge Golden Age. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization. It is easy verb for you, but have big role for help us flow our blog that add your perspective about Islamic History.
At 750 AD, Umayyad Dynasty fall because rebellion from Abbasid Group that lead by Abu Al-Abbas as-Safa. Abu Al-Abbas can defeat Umayyad Army at Battle Of Zab ( January 750 AD). With support from Persian Ethnics that oppresed by Umayyad Caliphate, Abu Al-Abbas can ousted last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan Al-Himar. One Umayyad Prince, Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil, run to Spain that still occupied by Umayyad Dynasty and found New Umayyad Caliphate at Spain.
As-Safa make City Of Anbar at Iraq as Abbasid Caliphate. At 754 AD, As-Safa die and replaced by his brother, Abu Jafar Al-Manshur who ruled from 754-775 AD. Abu Jafar Al-Manshur , at 762 AD, build new capital for Abbasid Caliphate , Baghdad at Iraq. According Historian Philip.K.Hitti, Al-Manshur spend 4.883.000 Dirhams . Al-Manshur, replaced by Al-Mahdi, who ruled from 775 AD. Al-Mahdi, is father from Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid.
Harun Ar-Rashid, according Historian W.Montgomery Watt, born at 763 AD at Rayy, Iran. At Era Of Al-Mahdi ( ruled 775-785 AD), Byzantine Emperor, Constantine V (741-775 AD) expand his territories to the east and tried to captured Syria, Armenia, and Anatolia Territories that became Abbasid Territories. Caliph Al-Mahdi replied Byzantine s attack with send army under his son, Harun who at this time still young. At 782 AD, Abbasids Army was achieved Byzantine Territories at Boshporus. And, Byzantine Queen, Irene must pay tribute to Abbasid Caliphate with value of 70-90.000 Dinars. At this expedition, Harun show his competence, until his father give him titled Ar-Rashid ( Arabic: Follower from straight path)
At 775 AD, Al-Mahdi die and replaced by his son, Harun Ar-Rashid. Harun Ar-Rashid became Abbasid Caliph when young age, but he has big achievment at his goverment. Beetwen his achievment is build giant library named Bayt Al-Hikmah ( House Of Wisdom). This library, according Palestinian Historian, Jihad at-Turbani, consist from many books from Persia, Anatolia, India, and Greece. This library, also has campus for Seminars and also room for books. Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid, give helped to Islamic Scholars and Man Of Letters. Abbasid Capital, Baghdad, became center of knowledge. At Ar-Rashid s age, mosques at Bagdad became centers of knowledge. Many mosques, has studiy groups that handled by several scholars. Mosque became place from discussions and dialogs. Baghdad also became center of world trade. Many things from China, India, Europe, and Africa came to Baghdad. Many Christians and Jewishs People came to Baghdad. Many doctors, architects, and experts at Baghdad. At this time, Cities at Europe Baghdad fulled by mosques, schools, and institutes.
Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid next expedition to attack Byzantine Empire. Abbasid Army can conquer Island Of Rhodes at 791 AD, and at 806 AD, Abbasid Navy attack Crete and Cyprus. At 797 AD, Queen Irene, must pay tribute to Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid every years. But, Queen Of Irene, killed by Nicheporus who became Byzantine Emperor until 802 AD. Nicheporus, challenge Harun Ar-Rashid and ask Harun for back tribute that pay by Queen Irene. Nicheporus ruled from 802-811 AD. Harun attack Territories Of Anatolia. He can occupied City Of Heraclea. Harun Ar-Rashid also held diplomatic relation with Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor for faced Umayyad Dynasty at Spain and Byzantine Empire. Harun give several gifts to Charlemagne, such as spices and elephant.
At 192 H, Ar-Rashid can destroy Khurramid Groups Rebellion at Jabal and Azerbaijan and at 193 H, Ar-Rashid die , beetwen 43- 46 years old, after leave many legacy for Muslim Society at Islamic Golden Age. May Allah Subhanahuwataala bless him.
Refrences:
Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.
At-Turbani, Jihad: 100 Tokoh Islam Yang Mengubah Sejarah, Penerbit Aqwam, 2016 M.
Imam Ibnu Katsir: Al-Bidayah Wa An-Nihayah, Penerbit Insan Kamil, 2018 M.
Watt, William Montgomery : Hārūn al-Rashīd - Abbasid Caliph, Baghdad, Barmakids | Britannica, accesed 18 January 2025 , 10: 09 AM.
Sullivan, Richard.E.: Charlemagne | Biography, Accomplishments, Children, & Facts | Britannica, accesed 18 January 2025, 10: 11 AM.
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