popular with his service bring Umayyad Caliphate at Spain became most forward state at Europe at this time. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization. It is easy verb for you, but have big role for help us flow our blog that add your perspective about Islamic History and Civilization.
According Palestinian Historian, Jihad at-Turbani, Abdurrahman III/Abdurrahman An-Nashir is biggest king that popular at Europe at Middle Age. According Jihad aty-Turbani, at Spain/Andalusia when Abdurrahman III s goverment era, all civilians can read and write.
Umayyad Caliphate at Spain, established by Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil, one Umayyad Dynasty descedant who escaped when Abbasid Caliphate ousted Umayyad Caliphate that centered at Damascus, Syria at 756 AD, for story of Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil, you can read this article:
Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil: First Umayyad Caliph At Spain.
At 788 AD, Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil die and replaced by Hisham I ( ruled from 788-796 AD) and at Hakam ( ruled 796-822 AD), Hisham Successor s era, many revolution that broke to Umayyad Dynasty, and biggest rebellion is rebellion from Berber ( North African Natives) that lead by one Berber Scholar. This rebellion can repressed by Hakam.
At Umayyad Dynasty s territories, also appear one rebel who popular with name Umar Ibn Hafshun. He is Visigoth Nobleman who pretend convert to Islam and originally, is Christian. Umar started his rebellion at 880 AD. He became chief from one robber group at Bobastro, Spain and he lead South Spain Natives for rebel to Umayyad Dynasty. He also collaborated with Abbasid and Aghlabid Dynasty . Umayyad Dynasty at Spain broke. Province Of Aragon ruled by dynasty of Banu Qasi, one Visigoth descedants who convert to Islam and Banu Qasi also ruled several important cities, such as Saragaossa, Tudela, and other . At Toledo, one Berber Tribes, Banu Dzunnun, tried to make rebellion. And at Galicia, One Portuguese named Abdurrahman Ibn Marwan Al-Jiliqi ( maybe was convert to Islam) found independent state. Abdurrahman Al-Jiliqi and Banu Dzunnun, get helped from Christian Kingdom Of Leo at North Spain under their king, Alfonso III.
At 912 AD, at Umayyad Dynasty, Abdurrahman III, became caliph when he was 23 years old. He started his goverment for re united Spain under Umayyad Flag. He can re unite City Of Elvira, Jaen, Regio and Toledo. At 909 AD, Umar Ibn Hafshun make alliance with Ubayd Allah, Founder from Fathimid Dynasty at Tunisia for attack Umayyad Dynasty at Spain. But at 917 AD, Umar Ibn Hafshun die and his rebellion ended. At 917/918 AD, Abdurrahman can occupied Morocco and build strong navy. At 956 AD, Umayyad Navy destroy Coastal Of Africa that ruled by Fathimid Dynasty for replied Fathimid Navy that attack Spain s Coastal.
At North Spain, Abdurrahman doing military campaign againt Christian Kingdoms at Spain, such as Navarre, Leon, Aragon, and Castille. At 914 AD, King Of Leon, Ordono II attack Muslim Territories at South Spain. At 920 AD, Abdurrahman lead his army faced Leon-Navarre Coalition that lead by Ordono II and also King Of Navarre, Sancho the Great. Abdurrahman can defeat them. At 939 AD, he defeated when faced King Ramiro II Of Leon and Regent Tota Of Navarre at Battle Of Alhandega. Muslim Historian Ibn Kathir, recorded at 327 H, broke battle beetwen Umayyad Dynasty under Abdurrahman An-Nashir and Christian Kingdom under King Rudmir that at this battle, many Muslim Army die. Rudmir, maybe is Arabian Pronuncation from Ramiro and clear, it is refer to Battle Of Alhandega at 939 AD.
According Islamic History and Research Team Of Egypt, at 352 H, Abdurrahman build his palace, Palace Of Az-Zahra and it is one best building at this age. According Jihad at-Turbani, Abdurrahman build many industry and hospital. Many mosques and park -3000 mosques at Cordova , Umayyad Capital City according Jihad at-Turbani builded at Abdurrahman s era. Abdurrahman also build royal guards that consist from 3.750 warriors that recruited by several European Slaves from Frankish, Galicians, Lombards, and Slavics and this royal guard, used for press rebellion and robbery. According Historian Philip.K.Hitti, Abdurrahman was build 73 library at his goverment.
Though this, Abdurrahman life at simple leader. He only save small assets for himself. Under his goverment, Muslims, Jewishs, and Christians at his territories can life together with peace. At 961 AD, Abdurrahman die and replaced by his successor, Hakam II . May Allah Subhanahuwataala bless him.
Refrences:
Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.
Tim Riset dan Studi Islam Mesir: Ensiklopedi Sejarah Islam, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2019 M.
Imam Ibnu Katsir: Al-Bidayah Wa an-Nihayah, Penerbit Insan Kamil, 2020 M.
At-Turbani, Jihad: 100 Tokoh Islam Yang Mengubah Sejarah, Penerbit Aqwam, 2016 M.
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