Today, we will discuss about Bayezid I, First Ottoman Sultan who besieged Constantinople, Byzantine Empire s capital. He is Ottoman Sultan who besieged Constantinople for conquer this city, after defeat European Coalition at Battle Of Nicopolis 1396 AD. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization.
Sultan Bayezid I, replaced Sultan Murad I as Ottoman Sultan at 1389 AD. Bayezid married Olivera Despina, daughter from Lazar, King Of Serbia. Because this, Bayezid get support from People Of Serbia. Ottoman Commander, Hoja Firuz Beg can conquer several territories at North Bulgaria and attack several territories at Wallachia, East Europe.
Bayezid I held alliance with Mameluke Dynasty for faced European Coalition. At Anatolia, several small kingdoms such as Aydin, Saruhan, Menteshe, Germiyan, Hamid, Teke and Karaman make alliance for faced Bayezid. They used Bayezid s business at Europe.
Bayezid tried to united Anatolia. He can conquer Territories Of Menteshe with peace method and at 1390 AD, occupied Kingdom Of Saruhan. Several small kings at Anatolia, tried to pretend Bayezid s effort to united Anatolia under Ottoman Flag.
At this time, Byzantine Emperor , lead by Emperor John V. Bayezid can conquer Castle Of Alasehir from Byzantine Empire. Bayezid I next with besieged Constantinople and ask Byzantine Emperor, John V for stop city s wall repairment and John V stop this project.
When John V die, Bayezid I ask his successor, Manuel II for build mosque, Turkish Muslim Settlements, Islamic Judgement, and upped tribute to Ottoman Empire. Manuel II rejected and Bayezid II besieged Constantinople for 7 months unil famine overwrite this city.
Emperor Manuel II ask helped to European Coalition. King Of Hungary, Sigismund prepared for went to Bulgaria for help Byzantine Emperor. Bayezid II stop siege and he give several condition to Byzantine Empire, from this condition Byzantine Empire must serve 700 houses to Muslims at Muslim Settlement at Constantinople , mosque established, and also Islamic Judgement established at Sirkeci, Constantinople.
At 1391 AD, Bayezid defeated Hungarians Army at Battle Of Naggy Olosz. Bulgaria, Serbia, and Byzantine Empire under Ottoman Supremacy. At 1392 AD, Sigismund tried to captured City Of Nicopolis at Bulgary from Bayezid, and when Bayezid came to location, he escape. At 1394 AD, Bayezid conquer Territories Of Thessalonike and Yenisehir.
At 1396 AD, European Coalitions gather for faced Ottoman Empire. They can colect 200.000 army under King Szigismund that consist from Kingdom Of Hungary, France, Bavaria, German, Belgia, Dutch, Venesia, Savoy, Scotland, Crusader Knight Of ST.John ( Hospitaller) , and Byzantine Empire s Navy. They besieged City Of Nicopolis and Bayezid , at 25 September 1396 AD, went to Nicopolis with bring his army that consist from Anatolian Army. They face to face with European Coalition. At begin of battle, France Cavalry attack Ottoman Army Central Formation.
Ottoman Army slaughter France Cavalry. Szigismund attack Ottoman Army. But, he defeated and escaped from Ottoman Army. Bayezid can captured many European Noblemans. After this battle, Bayezid besieged Constantinople. At 1397 AD, Ottoman conquer Kingdom Of Karaman ad at 1398 AD, Cities Of Aqsaray, Larende, and Nigde occupied by Ottoman Empire.
At 1399 AD, Bayezid can united all small Muslim Kingdoms at Anatolia. At 1400 AD, Mongol Emperor, Tamerlane attack Fortress Of Sivas that under Ottoman Empire.
Tamerlane, want occupied Ottoman Empire. Bayezid tried to faced Tamerlane at 1402 AD. He bring his army to Anatolia. According Islamic Research and Studies Team Of Egypt, this factor from this conflict is when Tamerlane attack Baghdad and Regent Of Baghdad, Qara Yusuf, ask protection to Bayezid. Tamerlane ask Bayezid to submit Regent Of Bagdad and Bayezid rejected it. Tamerlane conquer Fortress Of Sivas and kill Bayezid I s son, Erthugrul. Bayezid bring 150.000 army for faced Tamerlane. Tamerlane has more many army from Ottoman Army.
About Battle Of Ankara, you can open this article: Battle Of Ankara: First Ruin From Ottoman Empire.
Battle broke at Chubuq, Ankara and Tamerlane can provocated Mongol Garrisons at Anatolia that used by Bayezid as cavalry at Ottoman Army to fight at Tamerlane s side. Ottoman Army defeated and Bayezid captured by Tamerlane as hostage. He die at Tamerlane s hostaging at 1402 AD and after his die, Ottoman Empire broke because civil war beetwen Bayezid s sons, until united by one Bayezid Son, Celebi Mehmed/Mehmed I at 1413 AD.
Refrences:
Maksudoglu, Prof.DR.Mehmet: The Untold History Of Ottoman: Menelusuri Daulah Islamiyah Terbesar di Dunia dan Pemerintahannya, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2023 M.
Tim Riset dan Studi Islam Mesir: Ensiklopedi Sejarah Islam, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2019 M.
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