Today, we will discuss about Sultan Abd Hamid II, last Ottoman Empire Keeper who keep Ottoman Empire from ruin at Ottoman Empire s retrogression. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization. It is easy verb for you, but have big role for help us flow our blog that educate people about Islamic History and Civilization.
Abd Hamid II, became Ottoman Sultan at 1876 AD,. At 1876 AD, after his uncle, Sultan Abd Aziz die. When Abd Hamid II became Ottoman Sultan, Ottoman Empire at hard situation. His prime minister, is Midhat Pasha. Midhat, is ambisious man and he contradictive with Abd Hamid II s policies. Russian Army achieve Boundaries Of Anatolia ( now part from Turkey at Asia). European States, interference at Ottoman Territories at Montenegro, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Bulgary. Ottoman Empire dont receive European States s statement.
At 1877 AD, Ottoman Parlement inaugurated and Ahmad Vefiq Pasha, selected as Ottoman Parlement Chief. According Ottoman Historian, Prof.DR.Mehmet Maksudoglu, Ottoman Empire choose many European Christians for Parlement members. According Maksudoglu, from Ottoman Province at Europe, achieve 82.882 peoples, who big part from them are Christians. This plan, according Maksudoglu, for convince European States.
At Abd Hamid II s goverment age, broke Ottoman-Russian War. At 1877 AD, Europeans States, such as British Empire, France, Italy, and Russia ask Ottoman Empire land at Montenegro.Empire Of Russia, have plan to occupied Anatolia until Bay Of Iskenderun at Mediterranean Sea. Russian Army also captured Dobruja, Zishtovi, and Nicopolis from Ottoman Empire. Sultan Abd Hamid II replaced Ottoman Commanders. At several places, Ottoman Army can defend Russian Army, suhc as Shipka, Vidin, and Plevne.
After Abd Hamid II s age, according Historian Eugene Rogan, at 1914 AD, Russian Army occupied Territories at Sarikamis. Ottoman Army under Enver Pasha tried to defend Russian Army. Enver tried to attack Sarikamis and Russian Army forced at this time. Russian Army can captured One Ottoman Commander and from this commander, they can know Enver s strategy.
Russian Army, after this can forced Ottoman Army. Extrem weather that overwrite Ottoman Army, and battlefield that consist of high mountains, make Ottoman Army suffered hardness. Ottoman Commander, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, can defend Qars from Russian Army at east front.
Russian Army, can achieve Chatalja, near Istanbul, Ottoman Empire State Capital. Abd Hamid II and Russian Army make Covenant Of Saint Stephanos at 1878 AD. From point this covenant is Ottoman Empire lost their territories at Montenegro, Serbia, and Rumania and also Bulgaria. Russia also conquer South Bessarabia and at 1878 AD, also happened revolution from Young Turk Organization that helped by Bulgarian Imigrants. One Young Turk Organization Member, Ali Suavi and their allies from Bulgarian Imigrants attack Palace Of Chiragan at 1878 AD. Ali Suavi and Bulgarian Imigrants punished by death punishment.
Group Of Freemasonry, that also danger group at Ottoman Empire, want re placed Murad V who ousted from Ottoman Throne for became sultan. Group Of Freemasonry, tried to kill Sultan Abd Hamid II, and they failed.
At 1878 AD, happened Covenant Of Berlin that containt from this covenant is British Army can occupied Island Of Cyprus. At 1881 AD, France occupied Ottoman Territories at Tunisia and at 1882 AD, British Army can occupied Egypt and occupied Cairo , Capital Of Egypt.
At 1897 AD, broke war beetwen Ottoman Empire and Greeks. Greeks Army defeated by Ottoman Army and they can conquer several territories at Thessaly. At 1898 AD, Prince George can occupied Island Of Crete.
At 1905 AD, Armenians People at Ottoman Empire tried to conspirated for kill Sultan Abd Hamid II and they tried to bomb Abd Hamid II and they failed. At 1909 AD, Abd Hamid II ousted by state council and exiled to Thessalonike, Greek. At 1908 AD, Austria can annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina and after this, Ottoman Empire dont have strong sultan until his ruin at 1922 AD, for ruin of Ottoman Empire, you can open this article:
Ruin Of Ottoman Empire: From Caliphate To Secularism.
Refrences:
Maksudoglu, Prof.DR.Mehmet: The Untold History Of Ottoman: Menelusuri Daulah Islamiyah Terbesar di Dunia dan Pemerintahannya, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2023 M.
Tim Riset dan Studi Islam Mesir: Ensiklopedi Sejarah Islam, Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2019 M.
Rogan, Eugene: The Fall Of Khilafah: Perang Besar yang Meruntuhkan Khilafah Utsmaniyah dan Mengubah Selamanya Wajah Timur Tengah, Penerbit Serambi, 2017 M.
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