Today, we will discuss about Al-Biruni, one Islamic Historian who studied about India and considered as first Islamic Historian and Scientist who make first scientific studied about India, included his peoples and history. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization. It is very easy verb for you, but have big role for support us flow our blog that educate people about Islamic History and Civilization.
Al-Biruni, has full name Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni al-Khawarizmi. He born at Khwarizm, Turkmenistan at 973 AD. According Historian Badri Yatim, al-Biruni is one Islamic Scholar , who mastered many knowledges, such as history, mathematics, physics, celestial sphere, geography, philosophy, and other.
His nickname, al-Biruni, according Badri Yatim, originated from language of Khwarezmian, “birun”, that mean from this nickname is the stranger. According Badri Yatim, it is before he stay at Khwarizm Territoriest that became center from strangers.
Al-Biruni, is scholar who love read and write. He studied to several scholars, such as Abd Shamad ibn Abd al-Shamad, Abu Sahal al-Masihi, Abu Wafa al-Buzjani at knowledge of astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. He also studied to Abu Nashr Manshour ibn Ali Ibn Iraq at geometry. Al-Biruni mastered several languages, such as Sanshkrit, Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic.
He stay at Gorgan for several times. Ruler Of Gorgan respect to him and ask him became goverment s writter. But, al-Biruni moved to Kurkanj, North Of Khwarizm and doing voyages to North Persia. At philosophy,al-Biruni open dialog with Avicenna, one Muslim Philiosophy at this age. And, he also write several books about philosophy. Unfortunately, according Badri Yatim, his books that discuss about philosophy. His philosophy , influenced by several Islamic Philosophers, such as Avicenna, al-Kindi, and al-Masudi and also influenced by Aristoteles.
Beetwen 999-1030 AD, Ghaznavid Dynasty that based at Ghazna, Afghanistan lead by Mahmoud al-Ghaznawi, a new Turkish Dynasty at Central Asia, doing expansion to India. Ghaznavid Dynasty can occupied several India City, such as Lahore and Punjab after 17 times raids. Mahmoud Ghaznawi ask al-Biruni stay at his palace at Ghazna as his assistant.
Al-Biruni join Mahmoud s expedition to India s states. He spend his time at India and studied Sanshkrit Language from several Hindu Priests. At India, he studied about Indian s History, culture, and religion. He join discussion with several Hindu s Priests and from them, he get many informations about India. Al-Biruni also studied Indian Philosophy and at 107 AD, he write his masterpiece, Tarikh Al-Hind, that translatted to English to An Account Of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws, and Astrology Of India. This book, discuss about India according antrophologic s study , included religion, philosophy, literature, history, and other that related with India.
At his book, al-Biruni write with high objectivity. When he seeing Non Muslims Society at India, he take objective attitude and he use scientific method. According Badri Yatim, al-Biruni s method, is one method that hard doing at his age.
According Badri Yatim, all works about India, that written before al-Biruni, dont achieve quality that achieved by al-Biruni s quality. Al-Biruni also write several works , such as al-Qanun al-Masudi that written for Mahmoud s son and successor, Masoud Ghaznavi that contained knowledge of Islamic Astronomy and also write al-Atsar al-Baqiyah an al-Qurun al-Khaliyah ( Relics from past centuries) at archaeology. Al-Biruni die at 1048 AD at Ghazna, Afghanistan, may Allah Subhanahuwataala bless him.
Refrences:
Yatim, DRS.H.Badri: Historiografi Islam, Penerbit Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1997 M.
Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.
Kuru, Ahmet.T.: Islam, Otoritarianisme, dan Ketertinggalan: Perbandingan Lintas Zaman dan Kawasan di Dunia Muslim, Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, 2021 M.
Anonymous: Abu Raihan al-Biruni (w. 440/1048) Ilmuwan Muslim yang Menguasai Berbagai Bidang Ilmu - OIF UMSU, accesed 20 February 2025, 08: 52 AM.
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