Today, we will discuss about how Koran ( Islamic Holy Book) codificated from age to age until became book such as now. How this process run at Islamic History Timeline? Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History. It is easy verb for you, but have big contribution to help us educate people about Islamic History and Civilization from our blog. Ok, lets started it.
Koran, at this beginning revealed from Allah Subhanahuwataala to Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam as revelation at 7 TH Century. According Historian Achmad Zuhdi, Koran s revelation step, can clasificated at 3 steps:
First period, started at begin of 7 TH Century, Koran s verses when revealed at first period, usually, is Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s self education from Allah Subhanahuwataala. Example is QS.Al-Alaq: 1-5, QS.Al-Mudhatir: 1-7, QS.Al-Baqarah: 185, QS.Al-Fatiha, and other. QS.Al-Mudhatir 1-7 example, started revealed at 610 AD, and this containt is command to Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam for train himself to diligent at worship and read Koran.
Several verses that revealed at this period, also contained basics from Islamic Teology, such as QS.Al-Ikhlas and QS.Al-Ala and also basic of Islamic Morals, such as QS.At-Takathur: 102 and QS.Al-Maun: 107. This period, is begin Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s preach to Pagan Quraish at Mecca. Several Pagan Quraish , received Islam Preaching and several them, rejected it.
Second period, when Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and his followers get pressure from Pagan Quraish. At 615 AD, several Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s followers forced moved to Habasya/Abbisinia (Ethiopia). And, at 622 AD, Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and his followers moved from Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to Medina, Saudi Arabia. At this period, usually Koranic verses speak about condemnation to Pagan Quraish because their attitude. Such as QS.Yasin:78-82.
Third period, when Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam and his followers was stay at Medina and became Muslim Community. At this time, verses that revelated , usually strategy for faced hypocrite, Non Muslims, Ahl Al Kitab ( Jewish and Christian) with different method.
When Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s age, Koran not yet codificated. Koran, usually memorized by Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam s shahabas, several shahabas who memorized Koran is Abdullah Ibn Masud, Muadh Ibn Jabal, Zayd Ibn Thabit, Abu Zayd Ibn Thakan Al-Anshari and Abu Darda. Several shahabas, has special duty from Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam for write Koran, such as Muawiya, Ubai Ibn Kaab, Zayd Ibn Thabit, Abdullah Ibn Masud, and Abu Musa Al-Ashari. They write Koran s verses at bones, rocks, and stem of palm, and other. They write Koran s verses as manuscript that saved by each from them.
At 632-634 AD, when Caliph Abu Bakr As-Shiddiq ruled as first caliph from Rashidun Caliphate, Koran started codificated to the book. Caliph Abu Bakr, command Zayd Ibn Thabit to codificated Koran, because many Koran s memorizers die at Battle Of Yamama at 12 H , againt “Murtad” rebellion. Caliph Abu Bakr command to Zayd for collect Koran s scripts that written at rocks, stem of palms and that memorized by Koran Memorizer. Zayd collect Koran s scripts until Koran codificated at one book, and saved by Caliph Abu Bakr As-Shiddiq. At era of Caliph Umar Ibn Khattab , second caliph from Rashidun Caliphate ruled (ruled 634-644 AD) , Rashidun Caliphate busy at many conflict at Sassanid Empire Of Persia and Byzantine Empire s territories. When third caliph from Rashidun Caliphate, Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan ( ruled 644-656 AD) , Koran codification next. Because at Caliph Uthman s era, many Muslims read Koran with different method.
One Shahaba, Hudhayfa Ibn Yaman, propose to Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan to next Koran codification. Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan, make organizers that consist from Zayd Ibn Thabit, Said Ibn Ash, Abdullah Ibn Zubayr, and Abd Ar-Rahman Ibn Harith Ibn Hisham for re codificated Koran according Quraish Dialect. Zayd Ibn Thabit became leader from this organizers. They can write several Mushaf ( Koran s book). 4 Mushafs sended to Kufa and Bashra at Iraq, and Damascus at Syria. 7 exemplars from Mushaf to Yemen and Bahrain. Koran, became one book. Codification at Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan s era, became end of Koran Codification and Koran, became one book, such as now.
Refrences:
Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.
Al-Hafizh Ibnu Katsir: Perjalanan Hidup Empat Khalifah Rasul Yang Agung, Penerbit Darul Haq, 2012 M.
DR.Achmad Zuhdi, dkk: Studi Al-Quran, UIN Sunan Ampel Press, 2021 M.
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