Origin Of Kharijites: One Earliest Extreme Sect at Islamic History.

 

Source: Exploring History.

Today, we will discuss about origin of Kharijites, one earliest exreme sect at Islamic History, who rebel to Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Thalib and it is became trouble at state of caliphate. How this sect flow and became danger for Rashidun Caliphate? Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization. It is easy verb for you, but have big role for help us flow our blog that educated people about Islamic History and Civilization. Ok, happy reading and dont forget to read until end.

Kharijites, appear at age of Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Thalib, fourth caliph from Rashidun Caliphate age . At Ali Ibn Abi Thalib s age, broke conflict at Rashidun Caliphate age. At 656 AD, broke Battle Of Jamal beetwen Ali and Aisha, widow from Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam , Aisha supported by Meccan Leaders, such as Thalha Ibn Ubaydilla and Zubayr Ibn Awwam. Thalha and Zubayr die and Aisha can defeated by Ali. At 657 AD, broke Battle Of Shiffin beetwen Ali s supporters and Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, Governor Of Levant ( Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine).  Ali s army can forced Muawiya s army. And, after this Muawiya and Ali make peace covenant. And , after this, Ali send Abu Musa al-Ashari for this covenant deputy  and Muawiya also send his deputy, Amr Ibn Ash. Conflict at Ali Ibn Abi Thalib s age, this main factor is Uthman Ibn Affan, third Rashidun Caliph  s murdered at 656 AD, by a group of rebels.

After this, a groups from Ali s supporter that lead by  Abdullah Ibn Wahb. According Historian Harun Nasution, 12.000 Ali s followers out from Ali s line and they gathered at Haruria, one village near City Of Kufa, Iraq.They tried to defeat Ali Ibn Ali Thalib at Battle Of Nahrawan, but they can defeated by Ali. At 661 AD, one Kharijites , Abd Rahman Ibn Muljam can kill Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Thalib.

At his progress, Kharijites split into several groups, such as al-Muhakkima, that consist from several Kharijites from Ali Ibn Abi Thalib s army. According Muhakkima, Ali Ibn Abi Thalib, Amr Ibn Ash and Abu Musa al-Ashari who agree to peace covenant are infidels. Muhakkima, seeing adultery is one big mistake, that can make Muslims became infidels.  And, also at Kharjites, exist Sect Of Azariqa that founded by Nafi Ibn al-Azraq at 686 AD and Nafi Ibn Azraq, seeing all Muslims  out from their group as Pagans.  Sect Of Azariqa, also have extreme ideology, that Muslims who dont life according their ideology, can became target of murdered. 

Nafi Ibn al-Azraq, die at one battle at Iraq, at 686 AD. One Azariqa s follower, Najda Ibn Amr al-Hanafi, out from Azariqa and he choose to found new sect, that named by al-Najdat. Najda Ibn Amr, disagree to Azariqa s ideology that so extreme and Najdat, have argument, that people who make big mistakes, is not infidels and infidels , only people who dont their groups. 

After Najdat, Kharijites still split into three groups,  Ajarida that founded by Abd al-Karim Ibn Ajrad and have puritanism ideology. According them Surah Yusuf, one chapter at Koran ( Islamic Holy Book), originally dont part from Koran, because contained love story and according them , Koran dont contained love story. Also, as-Sufria that founded by Ziad Ibn al-Asfar and also extreme group, according Harun Nasution, because they think people who dont Hijra ( moved) to Sufria community are infidels.And, last Ibadiyya, that founded by Abdullah Ibn Ibad at 686 AD and according Harun, are moderate group. Now, from Kharijites, only Ibadhiyya that still exist at Zanzibar, North Africa, Oman, and South Arabia.

Refrences:

Nasution, Harun: Teologi Islam: Aliran aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan, UI  Press, 1978 M.

Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.

Al-Hafizh Ibnu Katsir: Perjalanan Hidup Empat Khalifah Rasul Yang Agung, Penerbit Darul Haq, 2012 M.

Shaliadi, I. (2015). Khawarij: arti, asal-usul, firqah-firqah, dan pendapatnya. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 2(1), 16-28.

Saleh, S. (2018). Khawarij; Sejarah Dan Perkembangannya. El-Afkar: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman Dan Tafsir Hadis, 7(2), 25-34.