Today, we will discuss about Battle Of Shiffin, one biggest Islamic Civil War at Rashidun Caliphate Era. This battle, became begin of Rashidun Caliphate s ruin. We will discuss , how this battle run and how internal conflict at Rashidun Caliphate provocate this battle? We will discuss at this article. Ok, please read this article until end and subscribe my blog for more information about Islamic History and Civilization.
Battle Of Shiffin, started by Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan, third caliph from Rashidun Caliphate s assasination at 656 AD. According Imam Dhahabi, one Islamic Historian, rebels group entered house of Caliph Of Uthman Ibn Affan. Leader Of Rebels Group, Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr and many member from Rebels Group kill Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan. About Caliph Uthman s assasination, we will discuss more at other article , Insha Allah. And, at 656 AD also, Ali Ibn Abi Thalib became fourth Rashidun Caliphate.
At 656 AD also, broke Battle Of Jamal. This factor is Aisha, widow from Propeth Muhammad Shallahu Alaihi Wasallam with several shahabas, such as Thalha Ibn Ubaydullah and Zubayr Ibn Awwam want to went to Bashra , Iraq for punished peoples who join rebellion and kill Uthman Ibn Affan. They also bring troops . At Bashra, they meet with Ali Ibn Abi Thalib and his troops, and make peace covenant. But, several provocators from two sides provocated clash with arrow s rain. Battle broke and two Ali s main oppositor, Thalha and Zubayr killed at this battle. Ali won this battle and Aisha return to Medina, Saudi Arabia.
At this event, Ali punished two man at Bashra who slander Aisha. Conflict beetwen Ali and Aisha ended with peace. After this battle, Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, Rashidun Governor at Syria and one nephew from Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, reject confess Ali s goverment until Ali punished people who kill Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan. Ali from his goverment base at Kufa, Iraq prepared army for attack Syrian Army who lead by Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan.
At 657 AD, broke Battle Of Shiffin beetwen Iraq Army under Ali Ibn Abi Thalib and Syrian Army under Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufyan. According Historian Fred Donner, Muawiya moved to Eupharated for block Ali s army. Battle broke at Village Of Shiffin, Syria beetwen Raqqa and Aleppo. Details about this battle, illustrated by Middle Age Muslim Historian, Ibn Kathir and Imam Dhahabi. According Ibn Kathir, Ali s army achieve 150.000 army and Muawiya bring 150.000 army also. Battle broke for several days. At first battleday, Iraqis Army lead by Commander Ashtar an-Nakhai and Syrians Army lead by Habib Ibn Maslama. Battle broke and next to third day. At third day, Iraqis Army lead by Commander Hashim Ibn Utba and Syrians Army lead by Commander Abu al-Awar as-Sulami. At third day, Iraqis Army lead by Ammar Ibn Yasir and Syrian Army lead by Amr Ibn Ash. According Imam Dhahabi, Ali bring 50.000 army and Muawiya bring 70.000 army. Battle broke and one Ali s warrior, Abdullah Ibn Budayl attack Muawiya, but killed by Muawiya s warriors. Battle broke until Syrian Army almost exhausted. According Imam Dhahabi, at this battle , die totals 60-70.000 victims from this battle.
According Imam Dhahabi, cited from Book Of Muruj ad-Dhahab that written by al-Masudi, battle ended by peace covenant beetwen Ali and Muawiya s group. Ali Ibn Abi Thalib send Abu Musa as spokesman and from side of Muawiya, the spokesman is Amr Ibn Ash.
According al-Masudi, that cited by Imam Dhahabi, at this covenant, Side Of Ali agree punished Uthman s murders. But, peace covenant beetwen Ali and Muawiya provocated a groups from Ali s followers rebel. They are call by Kharijites. For Kharijites, you can read our article:
Origin Of Kharijites: One Earliest Extreme Sect at Islamic History.
Refrences:
Hitti, Philip.K: History Of The Arabs: Rujukan Induk dan Paling Otoritatif Tentang Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Penerbit Serambi, 2006 M.
Al-Hafizh Ibnu Katsir: Perjalanan Hidup Empat Khalifah Rasul Yang Agung, Penerbit Darul Haq, 2012 M.
Donner, Fred.M.: Muhammad dan Umat Beriman: Asal-Usul Islam, Penerbit PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2015 M.
Imam adz-Dzahabi: Siyar Alam an-Nubala Jilid 3 : Pembahasan Generasi 1 ( Khulafa Rasyidin Abu Bakar-Ali), Tahqiq oleh Syuaib al-Arnauth & Team,Pustaka Azzam, 2017 M.
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